International Circumpolar Surveillance: A brief history.

International Circumpolar Surveillance System for Invasive Pneumococcal Disease, 1999–2005

The International Circumpolar Surveillance System is a population-based surveillance network for invasive bacterial disease in the Arctic. The 7-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (PCV7) was introduced for routine infant vaccination in Alaska (2001), northern Canada (2002-2006), and Norway (2006). Data for invasive pneumococcal disease (IPD) were analyzed to identify clinical findings, disea...

International Circumpolar Surveillance, An Arctic Network for the Surveillance of Infectious Diseases

Peoples of the Arctic and sub-Arctic regions live in social and physical environments that differ substantially from those of their more southern-dwelling counterparts. The cold northern climate keeps people indoors, amplifying the effects of household crowding, smoking, and inadequate ventilation on person-to-person spread of infectious disease. The emergence of antimicrobial drug resistance a...

International Year of Astronomy. A brief history of the telescope.

a brief history of zero

it is generally recognised that ‘zero’ as we understand the concept today originated in two geographically separated cultures: the maya and indian. however, if zero merely signified a magnitude or a direction separator (i.e. separating those above the zero level from those below the zero level), the egyptian zero, nfr, dating back at least four thousand years, amply served these purposes. if ze...

The 12th International Circumpolar Remote Sensing Symposium

s of Oral presentations .......................................................................................................... 9 Abstracts of Posters ......................................................................................................................... 64s of Posters .............................................................................................................